托福考试语法:非谓语动词的用法
导语:非谓语动词,主要指在主句中表示一个动作但不能充当谓语,而是充当其他语法功能的词。非谓语动词没有人称和数的变化,但是有语态和时态的变化。下面小编为您收集整理了托福考试关于非谓语动词的用法,希望对您有帮助!
非谓语动词有三种:动词不定式、动名词和分词。
动词不定式的用法
1. 动词不定式的否定式
not to
She decided not to be late again.
2. 动词不定式的完成式
完成式表示的动作或状态发生在位于动词表示的动作或状态之前。
I am sorry to have kept you waiting.
3. 在It is/was + 形容词+不定式的复合结构
若形容词侧重于评价人物的特性、特征,则构成不定式复合结构的介词应为of。
常用形容词有:kind, nice, foolish, silly, stupid, rude, cruel, wise, clever, brace, selfish, crazy, good, careful, careless, impolite, right, wrong等。
It is very kind of you to help me.
区别It is important for us to learn English well.
4. 在某些动词后, 可用it做形式宾语,然后加宾语补足语,最后加不定式作真正的宾语。
常见的动词有find, think consider, feel, make等。
They find it difficult to repay the money.
5. 动词+不定式作宾补
ask, want, invite, get, force, expect, allow, persuade, order, warn, remind order, cause, permit, forbid, advise, teach等。
6. 在使役动词make, have, let和感官动词see, watch, notice, observe, feel, hear, listen to, look at等词后接不定式作宾补,不定式不带to,表示做某事的全过程。当他们转换成被动语态时,作为主语补足语的不定式必须带to(五看三使两听一感觉一发现)
Nobody saw him come in.
She was seen to enter the room last night.
注意:get 也能当使役动词,表示“使、让、叫”之意,相当于have,但两者也有所不同。
have sb. do sth.get sb to do sth.使/让/叫某人去做某事
have sth. done = get sth. done 使/让某事由别人去做
have sb./sth. doing 使/让某人/物持续地做某事
get sb./ sth.dong 使某人/物开始行动起来
You’d better have/get your hair cut.
He managed to get the horse running.
动名词的用法
1. 动名词的否定式 not+动名词
2. 动名词的完成式
完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。
He was praised for having done a good deed.
3. 动词+介词构成的短语,其后跟动名词做宾语
be/get used to
feel like
insist on
devote…to…
put off
look forward to
succeed in
get down to
set about
give up
4. 可置于名词前作定语,表示被修饰的名词的用途和性能
a waiting car
a waiting room
a sleeping boy
a sleeping bag
5. 动名词的复合结构
形容词性的物主代词/名词所有格+动名词构=动名词的'复合结构
在句子中可作主语、宾语、表语等。物主代词和名词所有格是动名词的逻辑主语。
Do you mind my/me smoking here?
I insisted on my husband/husband’s paying the bill.
1)在口语和非正式英语中,这种结构不用在句首,常用人称代词宾格代替物主代词,用名词普通格代指所有格。如:
There are many reasons for animals dying out.
2)如果动名词的复合结构在句首,就必须用形容词性的物主代词或名词所有格。如:
His smoking caused the fire in the forest.
3)there be的动名词的复合结构为there being如:
What’s the chance of there being a rain tomorrow?
分词的用法
1. 分词的独立主格结构
一般说来,分词在句中都有其逻辑主语,分词做状语时,其逻辑主语通常就是主句的主语或宾语。如果分词的逻辑主语不在句中,则分词前可加上其自己的逻辑主语,由名词或代词主格充当,置于分词前,这种结构称为分词独立主格结构。
它不是句子,因为没有实际的主语和谓语。它可以放于句首或句尾,做时间状语、原因状语、条件状语、方式状语等。
The meeting being over, they went home.
There being no bus then, he had to walk home.
1)表示伴随情况、原因等的分词独立主格结构前有时可以加上without或with构成“with/without+名词(或代词)+分词”结构,如:
With prices going up so fast, we can’t afford luxuries.
He kept the money without anyone knowing where it was.
2)独立主格结构也可以由“名词(或代词)+不定式/形容词/副词/介词短语”构成。
Here are the first two volumes, the third one to come out next month.
He came into the classroom, book in hand.
2. 分词做状语
过去分词常用作状语,修饰谓语,大多说明动作发生的背景或情况,表示时间、条件、原因、伴随情况等。
一般说来,这一结构的逻辑主语是主句的主语。
Asked why he was late, he went red.
Given more time, we could have done it better.
3. 分词做状语与独立主格结构(悬垂结构)做状语的区别
分词与独立主格均可作状语。但分词做状语时,它的逻辑主语就是句子的主语;而独立主格结构做状语时,前面的名(代)词就是这个结构的逻辑上的主语,它和句子的主语不保持一致性。如:
Seen from the sky, the mountain is very small.
Everything considered, I prefer the first plan.
4. 英语中有一部分分词短语,它独立存在,没有自己的逻辑主语。这些分词短语已成为固定的习惯用语,常被看做句子的插入语
常见的有:
generally speaking
strictly(honestly/frankly/roughly/broadly) speaking
considering…
judging from/by…
talking all/everything into consideration
5. 现在分词和过去分词的区别
1)语态上不同
现在分词表主动,所修饰的人或物时分词动作的执行者;
过去分词表示被动,所修饰的人或物时分词动作的承受者。
I heard someone closing the door.
I heard the door closed.
2)时间上不同
现在分词表正进行,过去分词表完成的动作。
falling leaves
fallen leaves
3)特殊分词的分词用法
英语中和很多与感觉有关的及物动词,其现在分词表示主动意义,即“令人有某种感觉”;
过去分词含有被动意义,即“人被引起某种感觉”。
moving – moved disappointing - disappointed
exciting – excited surprising – surprised
有些及物动词的过去分词表示被动意味并不强,它主要表示的是一种状态或结果。
I found him seated at the back of the classroom.
Lose in the forest, he had to find his way out first.